Coral Reefs: A Reef Resilience Toolkit Module

Socioeconomic Effects

The peninsula Nusa Dua of Bali is densely built up by sealed hotel complexes. Photo © Malik Naumann/Marine Photoban

Acidification impacts processes so fundamental to the overall structure and function of marine ecosystems that any significant change could have far-reaching consequences for the oceans of the future and the billions of people that depend on seafood and other ocean resources for their livelihoods. Examples of impacts are briefly described below.

Commercial and Recreational Fishing:

Ocean acidification will likely impact commercial and recreational fishing. Ocean acidification may lead to substantial changes in commercial fish stocks, threatening protein supply and food security for millions of people, as well as the multi-billion dollar fishing industry.

Coastal Communities and Associated Economies:

Ocean acidification will likely impact coastal communities and economies.  Coral reefs provide fish habitat, generate billions of dollars in tourism, protect shorelines from erosion and flooding and provide the foundation for biodiversity. For many communities, new economic development is dependent on coastal tourism. Healthy coral reefs generate tourist dollars and provide coastal protection for infrastructure (such as hotels and resorts).

 

Bleaching Basics
Bleaching Biology
Mass Bleaching
Bleaching Impacts
Recovery from Bleaching
Ocean Acidification
Ocean Chemistry Essentials
Acidification Impacts
Management Strategies
Coral Disease
Causes
Impacts
Management
Identifying Resilience
Ecological Factors
Biological Factors
Physical Factors
Social Resilience
Principles
Strategies
Data Gathering
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Data Synthesis
GIS Example
Resilient MPA Design
Representation
Inclusion of Critical Areas
Incorporating Connectivity
Size and Spacing
Socioeconomic Criteria
Managing for Resilience
Implementing Resilience
Management Essentials
Bleaching Monitoring
Resilience Monitoring
Measuring Effectiveness
Broad-Scale Management
Communicating Resilience
Importance of Coral Reefs
Threats to Coral Reefs
Communication Tools
Communication Examples
Coral Restoration
Background
Physical Restoration
Biological Restoration
Coral Nurseries
Coral Transplantation
Monitoring and Maintenance
Restoration Case Studies
Case Studies
Agatti, India
Aldabra, Seychelles
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands
Florida Keys
Great Barrier Reef
Kimbe Bay, PNG
Kiunga, Kenya
Lesser Sunda Ecoregion
Maui, Hawai‘i
MesoAmerican Reef
Micronesia
Mozambique
Palau
Raja Ampat, Indonesia
U.S. Virgin Islands
Wakatobi, Indonesia
Resources
Glossary
References
Related Tools
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