This section introduces the questions MPA managers concerned with bleaching may want to ask. It also outlines measures to assist with design of appropriate monitoring programs, and provides links to monitoring protocols.

• It is vital to determine if management actions have been successful in achieving their intended results.

• A comprehensive guidebook on evaluating the effectiveness of MPAs is available online at http://effectivempa.noaa.gov/docs/dguidebk.pdf

• Monitoring, both environmental and socioeconomic, can play an important role in measuring success.

• When used to monitor success, it is important that monitoring programs are specifically designed to address this issue.

• Measures of success should be shared with relevant stakeholders and used as the basis for adaptive management.