• Destructive fishing and overfishing
• Coastal development
• Habitat destruction
• Deforestation/erosion
• Dredging and filling
• Pollution
• Agricultural run-off
• Industrial waste
• Urban waste
• Tourism activities
• Anchoring
• Diver damage
• Marina construction
• Global climate change
• Bleaching
• Disease
• Tropical storms
Awareness of the social and economic consequences
of coral reef destruction has stimulated numerous local, national,
regional, and global programs to address the direct impacts
of people on these valuable systems. But new global stresses,
such as mass coral bleaching that is addressed by this toolkit,
pose additional challenges for coral reef managers who have
few effective solutions.
| SOURCES |
| Brown et al. 2002, Cesar 2000, Cesar
et al. 2003, Coles and Brown 2003, Hoegh-Guldberg
1999, Hughes 1994, IUCN 1993, Knowlton 2001, McClanahan
2002, Wilkinson 2002, Wilkinson and Buddemeier 1994 |
Web links:
ReefBase: |
http://www.reefbase.org/threats/thr_bleaching.asp
|
| Reefs at Risk: |
http://www.wri.org/wri/reefsatrisk/
|
| CSIRO 2002: |
http://www.cmar.csiro.au/e-print/open/CoastalBroch2002.pdf
|
| IUCN 1993: |
http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/
project-net/reefs-at-risk/apnet-rar09.html
|
| Wilkinson 2002: |
http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/
coral-bleaching/scr2002/scr-00.html
|
| Wilkinson & Buddemeier 1994:
|
http://www.iucn.org/themes/marine/
pdf/climchng.pdf |
|
|
|
|
