Resources
REFERENCES

Baird, A.H. and P.A.Marshall. 1998. Mass bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef. Coral Reefs 17:376.

Baker, A.C. 2001. Ecosystems: Reef corals bleach to survive change. Nature 411 (6839): 765-766.

Birkeland, C. 1997. Symbiosis, fisheries and economic development on coral reefs. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12: 364-367.

Brown, B.E. 1997. Coral bleaching: causes and consequences. Coral Reefs, 16, 129-138.

Brown, B. E., K. R. Clarke and R. M. Warwick. 2002. Serial patterns of biodiversity change in corals across shallow reef flats in Ko Phuket, Thailand, due to the effects of local (sedimentation) and regional (climatic) perturbations. Marine Biology 141: 21-29.

Cesar, H. S. J. 2000. Coral Reefs: their functions, threats, and economic value. Pages 15-39 in H. S. J. Cesar, editor. Collected essays on the economics of coral reefs. CORDIO, Kalmar University, Kalmar, Sweden.

Cesar, H., L. Burke, and L. Pet-Soede. 2003. The economics of worldwide coral reef degradation. Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting. (CEEC), World Wildlife Fund/ICRAN, Netherlands. (download, .pdf, 1.4 MB)

Coles, S.L. 2001. Coral bleaching: What do we know and what can we do? Pages 25-35 in Salm, R.V. and S.L. Coles (eds). Coral Bleaching and Marine Protected Areas: Proceedings of the Workshop on Mitigating Coral Bleaching Impact Through MPA Design Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI May 29-31 2001. (download, .pdf, 96 kb)

Proceedings of the Workshop on Mitigating Coral Bleaching Impact Through MPA Design, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI May 29-31 2001 (download, .pdf, 3.5 MB)

Coles, S.L. and B.E. Brown. 2003. Coral bleaching—capacity for acclimatization and adaptation. Advances in Marine Biology 46: 183-223.

CSIRO. 2002. Climate change and Australia’s coastal communities, CSIRO atmospheric research.© CSIRO Reproduced with permission of CSIRO, from CSIRO. 2002. Climate change and Australia's coastal communities, CSIRO atmospheric research.
The material is not to be reproduced in any other publications, whether printed or electronic. Any subsequent use other than what has been stated requires a separate written permission from CSIRO and all other copyright owners of non-CSIRO images. (download, .pdf, 199 kb)

Dunne, R.P. and B.E. Brown. 2001. The influence of solar radiation on bleaching of shallow water reef corals in the Andaman Sea, 1993-1998. Coral Reefs 20(3): 201-210.

Gleason, D.F. and G.M. Wellington. 1993. Ultraviolet radiation and coral bleaching. Nature 365:836-838.

Glynn, P.W. 1996. Coral reef bleaching: facts, hypotheses and implications. Global Change Biology 2:495-509.

Glynn, P. W. and W. H. de Weerdt. 1991. Elimination of Two Reef-Building Hydrocorals Following the 1982-83 El Nino Warming Event, Science 253(5015): 69-71.

Goreau, T.J. and R.L. Hayes. 1994. Coral bleaching and ocean "hot spots." Ambio 23(3) 176-180.

Harvell, C. D., K. Kim, J. M. Burkholder, R. R. Colwell, P. R. Epstein, D. J. Grimes, E. E. Hofmann, E.K. Lipp, A. D. M. E. Osterhaus, R.M. Overstreet, J.W. Porter, G.W. Smith, G.R. Vasta. 1999. Emerging marine diseases - climate links and anthropogenic factors. Science 285 (5433): 1505-1510.

Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 1999. Climate change, coral bleaching, and the future of the world's coral reefs. Review. Marine and Freshwater Research 50: 839-866. (download, .pdf, 569 kb —registration required)

Hughes, T.P. 1994. Catastrophes, phase shifts, and large-scale degradation of a Caribbean coral reef. Science 265:1547-1551.

The World Conservation Union (IUCN) 1993. Reefs at risk: coral reefs, human use and global climate change. A programme of action.

Knowlton, N. 2001. The future of coral reefs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 (10): 5419-5425.

Krupp, D.A., P.L. Jokiel, and T.S. Chartrand. 1992. Asexual reproduction by the solitary scleractinian coral, Fungia scutaria, on dead parent coralla in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings of the 7th International Coral Reef Symposium. Guam, 1:527-534.

Marshall, P.A. and A.H. Baird. 2000. Bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef: differential susceptibilities among taxa. Coral Reefs 19:155-163.

McClanahan, T.R. 2000. Bleaching damage and recovery potential of Maldivian coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 40:587-597.

McClanahan, T.R. 2002. The near future of coral reefs. Environmental Conservation 29(4): 460-483. (View abstract and purchase hereregistration required)

Moberg, F. and C. Folke. 1999. Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems. Ecological Economics 29: 215-233.

Pecheux, M.1997. Review on Coral Reef Bleaching Part 1 & 2.

Reaser, J.K., R. Pomerance, and P.O. Thomas. 2000. Coral bleaching and global climate change: scientific findings and policy recommendations. Conservation Biology 14(5):1500-1511. (download, .pdf, 687 kb)

Salm, R.V. and S.L. Coles (eds). 2001. Coral Bleaching and Marine Protected Areas: Proceedings of the Workshop on Mitigating Coral Bleaching Impact Through MPA Design. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, 29-31 May 2001. Asia Pacific Coastal Marine Program Report #0102, The Nature Conservancy, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.: 118 pp. (download, pdf, 3.6 MB)

Salm, R.V., J.R. Clark, E. Siirila. 2000. Marine and coastal protected areas: A Guide for planners and managers. The World Conservation Union (IUCN). Washington DC. (download, .pdf, 5.5 MB)

Salm, R.V., T.C. Done, and M. Tupper 2003. Designing MPAs to survive coral bleaching: what can we do? US Coral Reef Task Force: Coral reefs, climate & coral bleaching workshop, Managers’ toolbox session. (download: .pdf, 136 kb)

Salm, R.V. and J.M. West. 2003. Enhancing reef survival in a changing climate: additional marine protected area guidelines to address coral bleaching. (download: .pdf, 133 kb)

West, J. 2001. Environmental determinants of resistance to coral bleaching: implications for management of marine protected areas. Pages 40-52 in R.V. Salm and S.L. Coles, editors. 2001. Coral Bleaching and Marine Protected Areas: Proceedings of the Workshop on Mitigating Coral Bleaching Impact Through MPA Design. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii, 29-31 May 2001. Asia Pacific Coastal Marine Program Report #0102, The Nature Conservancy, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. (download, .pdf, 101 kb)

Westmacott, S., Teleki, K., Wells, S. and West, J.M. 2000. Management of bleached and severely damaged coral reefs. The World Conservation Union (IUCN), Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. (download, .pdf, 4.0 MB)

Wilkinson, C.R. (ed.). 2002. Status of coral reefs of the world: 2002. Global Coral Reef Management Network and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia.

Wilkinson, C.R, and R.W. Buddemeier. 1994. Global climate change and coral reefs: implications for people and reefs; Report of the United Nations Environment Programme, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Associazione pedagogica italiana, World Conservation Union (IUCN) Global Task Team on the Implications of Climate Change on Coral Reefs. (download, .pdf, 5.4 MB)

WEB LINKS

Animal Diversity Web, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan:
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/
tridacna/t._gigas$narrative.html

Australian Institute of Marine Science:
http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/coral-bleaching/
coral-bleaching.html

Bryant et al. 1998:
http://www.wri.org/wri/reefsatrisk/

CSIRO 2002:
http://www.cmar.csiro.au/e-print/open/CoastalBroch2002.pdf

Dave Krupp. Coral Nutrition & Symbiosis, Presentation from Biology 200 Coral Reefs, Windward Community College, Hawaii. :
http://krupp.wcc.hawaii.edu/BIOL200/powerpnt/corlnutr/

Global Coral Disease Database, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, United Nations Environment Program:
http://www.unep-wcmc.org/marine/coraldis/guide.htm

Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, Status of coral reefs of the world:
http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/coral-bleaching/
scr2002/scr-00.html

Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority:
http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Report:
http://www.ipcc.ch/

IUCN- Companion volume on MPA design and management:
http://www.iucn.org/themes/marine/pdf/mpaguid2.pdf

IUCN 1993:
http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/project-net/
reefs-at-risk/apnet-rar00.html

NOAA—Coral Reef Watch:
http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/

NOAA—Climate Program Office:
http://www.climate.noaa.gov/

NOAA- Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory:
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/nino-home.html
http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/elnino/el-nino-story.html

Pecheux 1997 Part 1: Review on Coral Reef Bleaching Part 1
http://mars.reefkeepers.net/USHomePage/USArticles/
bleaching/bleaching1.html
Pecheux 1997 Part 2: Review on Coral Reef Bleaching Part 2
http://mars.reefkeepers.net/USHomePage/USArticles/
bleaching/bleaching2.html

Quod and Charpy. Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, Le Centre d’Oceanologie de Marseille:
http://www.com.univ-mrs.fr/IRD/atollpol/ecorecat/ukblanch.htm

Reef Base:
http://www.reefbase.org/threats/thr_bleaching.asp

Tracking El Nino, Nova Online, PBS:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elnino/#

Wallace, J.M. and S.Vogel, Reports to the Nation on our Changing Planet, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
http://www.atmos.washington.edu/gcg/RTN/rtnt.html#part2

Westmacott et al. 2000:
http://www.iucn.org/themes/marine/pdf/coralen.pdf

Wilkinson 2002:
http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/coral-bleaching/
scr2002/scr-00.html

Wilkinson & Buddemeier 1994:
http://www.iucn.org/themes/marine/pdf/climchng.pdf

World Resources Institute, Reefs at Risk program:
http://www.wri.org/biodiv/project_description2.cfm?pid=184